The vikings made a notable appearance in 793, when they terrorized all of north western Europe. They raided Lindisfarne in 793, a peaceful defenseless settlement, and moved south to Tours in 853. By then any settlement by water, river or ocean, was under the viking threat. The vikings destroyed over fifty years worth of work inside the monasteries using fire or the blade of their swords, forcing advances in the art of books to stop. However, Anglo-Saxon England would not stand to this new rule, and in 871 they recaptured England over the rule of King Alfred, the ruler of Wessex. This would cause a new monastic movement throughout England in 970, and English monks would rebuild monasteries, attached to churches. Carolingian minuscule would be used within these monasteries, with influence from the Anglo-Saxon style of writing. This script would be written in a thicker pen, and the serifs would have a rounded form. This would change in the eleventh century, when the letters would take more of an oval shape. This would then lead to the sharp shape of Gothic lettering. These achievements however, were threatened when England was concord by Duke William of Normandy.
Clayton, E. (2014). Roman Foundations. The golden thread: The story of writing Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint. (pp. 60-63)
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